Charlene Rajendran teaches theatre at
the Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. She has been
involved in the Malaysian performing arts as a director, performer,
facilitator, writer, and producer since she was a teenager, and
has worked with Five Arts Centre, Malaysia. Her current research
interests include the politics of difference in theatre making,
a semiotics of location in arts education, and Southeast Asian
performance practice. She can be reached at charlene.r@nie.edu.sg
Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia 8 (March
2007)
© Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University
1 Jit also wrote
reviews in Malay. Between 1974 and 1976 he published in Berita
Minggu, a Malay language broadsheet, under the pseudonym Alang,
a character from Syed Alwi’s play, Alang Rentak Seribu (Malay:
Alang of a Thousand Rhythms). Jit’s theatre articles are also
to be found in regional journals (eg. Tenggara, Asian Theatre
Journal) and international arts related publications (eg. The
Cambridge Guide to World Theatre) – locating him as a critic of
wide repute.
2 Experimental
theatre in the 1970s included the staging of plays that dismantled
some of the assumed basic values of Malaysian life, especially
Malay-Malaysian life - in particular Bukan Bunuh Diri (Malay:
Not Suicide) by Dinsman. This was seen as imitative of western
absurdist theatre wherein notions of God and divine purpose were
exposed for some of the fallacy they represented. Jit refuted
this stance by highlighting the need to read Malaysian expressions
of dissent within a cultural context that had not experienced
the angst of Post-World War II Europe. To quote Jit, “the thinking
most of them (playwrights) promote, and the thematic and emotional
thrust of their plays, hardly adheres to the basic absurd propositions.
It is not existentialism, for instance, which gives life and breath
to the local versions of the absurd. For one thing, the stance
of most of our playwrights is far more optimistic about the future…
Their religious attitudes and most importantly their certainty
about their beliefs, fundamentally alienate them from the absurd
dilemma” (See Jit 1979, 8 April).
3 Whilst
Chinese Street Opera and Bangsawan (Malaysian Vaudeville) were
popular community events in the first half of the 20th century,
these forms waned with the advent of television and modern drama.
In an attempt to reconnect them to popular culture, Jit would
use any opportunity to forge relevance and cultivate interest.
When the New York Metropolitan Opera performed in Kuala Lumpur
in 1984, Jit wrote about the profound impact “local operas” have
had on community life before he went on to discuss the visiting
troupe. He also questioned the willingness of audiences to fork
out large sums of money for a foreign show whilst neglecting the
life of local treasures (see Jit 1984, 13 July).
4
Several Malaysian arts practitioners and producers have alluded
to the influence of the column and how it informed their understanding
of Malaysian theatre and arts practice. Kee Thuan Chye, theatre
director, playwright, actor, and critic, who stood in as critic
while Jit was away on study leave in the early 1980s, described
Jit’s writing as having “a wider historical view” and giving Malaysian
theatre “context and direction” (Kee 2005). Kathy Rowland, arts
producer and co-founder of kakiseni, the online arts magazine,
writes that she only met Jit late in life, but “having grown up
with Talking Drama with Utih, … I felt I knew all there was to
know about him years before we actually became friends” (Rowland
2005). Significantly, kakiseni is currently an increasingly important
site for arts writing and documentation in Malaysia. (See http://www.kakiseni.com/
) But perhaps most interestingly, when Ku Seman Ku Hussain, a
critic with the Malay broadsheet Utusan Melayu, wrote a feature
on Jit after his death in 2005, he introduced the reader to the
critic, Utih, before he discussed the work of theatre director
Krishen Jit – signaling the continued importance of Utih, long
after the column had ceased. (See Ku Hussain 2005).
5 The events
of May 13th severely disrupted the apparently harmonious transition
from colonial rule to self-rule and independence. What was apparent
was a serious need to build a “nation” of people who believed
in the concept of Malaysia, for all its flaws and problems, discriminatory
policies, and prejudicial politics. Whilst political disenfranchisement
and economic disparities between and within racial groups were
at the heart of the racial violence, cultural and social issues
were integral to the healing of these deep wounds. Thus the arts
had the potential to play an important role in bridging the rifts
and expressing alternative ways of being Malaysian – attempting
to transcend racial, religious, and linguistic barriers. Jit’s
column was one of the sites for doing this.
6 Jit’s passage
as a theatre practitioner was characterized by relocation and
reinvention in response to shifts in policy and social trends.
When MLT became blatantly nativist in its orientation and rejected
Jit’s participation because he was non-Malay, he moved in the
1980s towards English Language Theatre (ELT) imbued with an indigenous
sensibility, and then in the 1990s to more multi-lingual and interdisciplinary
multi-modal frames. This signaled his belief in the need to embrace
difference and his willingness to adjust to local and global changes
– a trait that marked his work throughout his more than forty-year
career in theatre – in order to remain relevant and develop work
that was resonant as director, producer, and educator. The propensity
to embrace change also made him susceptible to accusations of
being inconsistent and disloyal.
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7 On the local
front Jit cited Azanin Ezane Ahmad and her Suasana Dance Company
as a “model for the creation of indigenized dance drama for contemporary
audiences” because “ her standards of performance are high, the
matter or story she deals with is thoroughly researched and she
uses only the most choice of indigenous ingredients of dance,
music, costumes and props. Most of all she has a sure instinct
of what will work for contemporary audiences” (Jit 1990, 28 Jan).
8 Jit described
this situation as a world “so personalized that some good critics
have been compelled to abandon it after a short stint,” as one
needed to be “pretty thick-skinned or thick-headed to continue
with this kind of work” (Jit 1992, 12 Jan).
9 Rowland (2005)
alludes to this when she writes that Jit “told me of a drawer
in his house with articles and letters accumulated over the years
which attacked him personally.”

10 Jit referred
to “a rare event…when a top government official joined the good
fight for the salvation of the arts and the artists in the country…
Tan Sri Zain Azraai Zainal Abidin, the Secretary General of the
Finance Ministry, took on the stance of the pragmatist who sought
to negotiate the best route for the arts in a grim and gloomy
landscape” (Jit 1990, 5 August). Tan Sri Zain was one of a few
government officials who understood the need to support the local
arts scene and was willing to allocate time and resources by being
a consumer and a patron.
11 Jit’s own
theatre practice in the 1980s began to include collaborations
with Singapore-based companies and artists, principally Theatreworks
and Ong Keng Sen. Whilst seen as a “betrayal” of his loyalties
to Malaysian theatre, this was also another extension of boundaries
that Jit negotiated, not being content to operate according to
simplistic polarities of “us and them.” Whilst Singapore theatre
may not have been as politically incisive in content, it was certainly
adventurous with form and enjoyed the benefits of state-supported
funding and professionally trained practitioners. In the last
few years of his directing career, Jit directed several performances
in Singapore, traveling there regularly from his home in Kuala
Lumpur.
References
Awang, Usman. 1995. “Uda and Dara.” Trans. A. Amin and S. Ishak.
In Selected Plays by Usman Awang, 223-291. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan
Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Dinsman. 1979. “Bukan Bunuh Diri.” In Bukan Bunuh Diri, 67-90.
Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Jit, Krishen. 1972, 21 January. “What It Takes to Build up Children’s
Interest in the Malaysian Theatre.” New Sunday Times.
_______. 1974, 12 May. “Miracle Worker, A Serious Approach to
Drama.” New Sunday Times
.
_______. 1976, 8 August. “Theatre and the Lack of Published Plays.”
New Sunday Times.
_______. 1979, 8 April. “‘Absurd’ Theatre – A Yes and No.” New
Sunday Times.
_______. 1984, 7 January. “Play Done the Wrong Way for the Wrong
People.” New Sunday Times.
_______. 1984, 13 July. “Spreading the Message of Opera.” New
Sunday Times.
_______. 1985, 24 February. “The Myths that Cloak our Theatre.”
New Sunday Times.
_______. 1986. Membesar Bersama Teater. Trans. N.A. Shehidan.
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur.
_______. 1986, 19 January. “Playwrights Shake off your Social
Apathy.” New Sunday Times.
_______. 1986, 25 May. “How to Enjoy Cantonese Opera When You
Don’t Know the Dialect.” New Sunday Times.
_______. 1989, not known. “Self-absorbed Generation.” New Sunday
Times.
_______. 1990, 28 January. “The Need for Indigenous Dramatized
Expression.” New Sunday Times.
_______. 1990, 5 August. “Funding of the Arts Should Be Top Priority.”
New Sunday Times.
_______. 1990, not known. “Pan-Asean Performance Encounter.” New
Sunday Times.
_______. 1991, 24 February. “Chinese Opera in Bahasa.” New Sunday
Times.
_______. 1992, 12 January. “It’s a Small, Small World.” New Sunday
Times.
_______. 1993, 22 August. “All Because of a Kiss.” New Sunday
Times.
_______. 1993, 28 November. “Laughter his Best Weapon.” New Sunday
Times.
Kee, Thuan Chye. 2005. Krishen Will Remain a Hero for Generations
to Come. Retrieved 29 April, 2005, from http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2005/4/29/nation/10823938&sec=nation
Ku Hussein, Ku Seman. 2005. Krishen Jit, Teater dan Orang Muda.
Retrieved 25 May, 2005, from http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/archive.asp?y=2005&dt=0501&pub=Utusan_Malaysia
Rowland, Kathy. 2003. “Introduction.” In Krishen Jit An Uncommon
Position, ed. K. Rowland, 13-25. Singapore: Contemporary Asian
Arts Centre.
Rowland, Kathy. 2005. Icon, Guru, Beloved Friend: Obituary: Krishen
Jit Amar Singh, 10 July 1939-28 April 2005. Retrieved 4 May, 2005,
from http://www.kakiseni.com/articles/people/MDY2Mw.html